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Category: United States

The Civil War Campaign Medal

The Civil War Campaign Medal was awarded to members of the U.S. Armed Forces who had served in the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865.

The Civil War Campaign Medal was awarded to members of the United States Armed Forces who had served in the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 and is considered the first campaign service medal of the United States Armed Forces.

The medal was first authorized in 1905 for the fortieth anniversary of the Civil War’s conclusion by the United States War Department on January 21, 1907, by General Orders Number 12. To qualify, a soldier had to serve between April 15, 1861, and April 9, 1865.

The Civil War Campaign Medal No. 1 was issued to Maj. Gen. Charles F. Humphrey on May 26, 1909.

The Civil War Campaign Medal Design

The blue and grey ribbon denotes the respective uniform colors of the U.S. and Confederate troops. The medal was originally established as a badge, because Congress would not approve a medal due to the costs involved.

The Civil War Campaign medal was designed by Francis D. Millet, a noted sculptor who perished on the RMS Titanic in 1912. The medal was struck at the Philadelphia Mint.

The obverse of the Army Civil War Campaign Medal displayed an engraved image of Abraham Lincoln. The Navy and Marine Corps versions depicted the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia‘s battle at Hampton Roads. In the center of a bronze medallion one and a quarter inches in diameter, the head of Lincoln surrounded by the raised inscription, WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE WITH CHARITY FOR ALL.

The reverse has the words “The Civil War 1861-1865” encircled by a wreath composed of a branch of oak on the left and a branch of laurel on the right, joined at the base by a bow. In the center of a bronze medallion one and a quarter inches in diameter, the words are carved over a bar, under which appear the dates 1861-1865. The oak represents the strength of the United States and the laurel represents victory.

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The Womens Army Corps Service Medal

The Women’s Army Corps Service Medal is a United States Army military award created in 1943 by President Franklin Roosevelt.

The Women’s Army Corps Service Medal is a United States Army military award created on July 29, 1943 by Executive Order 9365 by President Franklin Roosevelt. The medal recognizes the service of women to the Army during the Second World War.

The Women’s Army Corps Service Medal was awarded to any service member of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps between July 10, 1942 and August 31, 1943 or the Women’s Army Corps between September 1, 1943 and September 2, 1945. The medal ranked in order of precedence below the American Defense Service Medal and above the American Campaign Medal.

The Women’s Army Corps Service Medal is considered obsolete as the United States Army is a combined service without separate service corps for women. The medal was issued as a once-awarded medal, and there are no devices authorized for additional presentations. 

The Women’s Army Corps Service Medal Design

The profile featured on the medal is that of the goddess Pallas Athena; the same profile was used for the Women’s Army Corps branch insignia.

No devices are authorized to be worn on the medal.

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The Navy Occupation Service Medal

The Navy Occupation Service Medal is a Navy military award bestowed to commemorate the services of Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard.

The Navy Occupation Service Medal is a United States Navy military award bestowed to commemorate the services of Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard personnel in the occupation of certain territories of the enemies of the U.S. during World War II”.

The Navy Occupation Service Medal also recognizes those personnel who participated in the European and Asian occupation forces during – and following World War II. The medal was additionally awarded to personnel who performed duty in West Berlin between 1945 and 1990.

No more than one Navy Occupation Service Medal may be awarded to an individual. The Navy Occupation Service Medal is the equivalent of the Army of Occupation Medal. No person could receive both awards.

The Navy Occupation Service Medal Design

The Navy Occupation Service Medal was designed by A. A. Weinman,  a German-born American sculptor and architectural sculptor.

The obverse depicts Neptune riding a Hippocampus with the words “Occupation Service”. The reverse shows the words “United States Navy” (or “United States Marine Corps”) and is the same as that of the Dominican Campaign Medal.

The medal is authorized two service clasps: Europe and Asia. The clasps are rectangular with a rope border. If eligible, both clasps may be worn on the medal. The Berlin Airlift Device is also authorized to those who have served 90 days or more in support of the Berlin Airlift between 1948 and 1949.

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The Medal for Humane Action

The Medal for Humane Action is a United States Armed Forces military award created in 1949 to recognize military service members.

The Medal for Humane Action is a United States Armed Forces military award created by an act (63 Stat. 477) of the United States Congress on July 20, 1949 to recognize military service members who performed extended duty in support of the Berlin Airlift.

This medal was created for the single purpose of recognizing service during the Berlin Airlift and was never issued again. To be awarded the Medal for Humane Action, a service member had to have performed over 120 days of duty within the geographical boundary of Berlin. Posthumous award was possible to any person who had lost his life while, or as a direct result of, participating in the Berlin airlift, without regard to the length of such service.

Those qualifying were also eligible for either the Army of Occupation Medal, or the Navy Occupation Service Medal, and both medals were authorized for simultaneous award and display.

The Medal for Humane Action Design

The medal is based on the design of the Berlin Airlift Device. It was designed by Thomas Hudson Jones a Buffalo-born sculptor of the Army Heraldic Section.

It’s made of bronze and round, and it measures 1.25 inches (32 mm) in diameter. On the obverse, it depicts a Douglas C-54 Skymaster over a wheat wreath. In the center of the wreath is the Coat of arms of Berlin. The reverse shows the eagle, shield, and arrows from the seal of the Department of Defense and reads “For Humane Action / To Supply Necessities of Life to the People of Berlin Germany“.

The medal is suspended by a ribbon of teal blue with black edges separated by thin white stripes. In the center is a red stripe with thin white stripes.

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The European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal

The European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal is a United States Armed Forces military award first created in 1942.

The European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (originally known as the “EAME Ribbon”) is a United States Armed Forces military award first created on November 6, 1942 by Executive Order 9265 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The medal recognizes military service members who had performed military duty in the European Theater (to include North Africa and the Middle East) during the years of the Second World War.

The European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal is awarded for any service performed between December 7, 1941 and March 2, 1946, dates inclusive, provided such service was performed between the west and east boundaries.

The European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal Design

The medal is made of bronze and measures 1 3/8 inches in width.

The medal’s obverse was designed by Mr. Thomas Hudson Jones, a U.S. sculptor for the Army’s Institute of Heraldry, based on General Eisenhower’s request that the medal includes an invasion scene. It displays an LST landing craft and troops landing under fire with an airplane in the background below the words EUROPEAN AFRICAN MIDDLE EASTERN CAMPAIGN.

The reverse side of the European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal was designed by Adolph Alexander Weinman and is the same design as on the reverse of the Asiatic–Pacific and American Campaign Medals: An American bald eagle close between the dates 1941 – 1945 and the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and shows a brown stripe that represents the sands of Africa, Irish green for the fields of Europe, white and scarlet for the Italian colors. The center is triparted Old Glory Blue, White and Scarlet.

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The Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal

The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal was awarded to any U.S. Armed Forces member who had served in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during WW2.

The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal is a military award from the United States during the Second World War. It was awarded to any member of the United States Armed Forces who had served in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater from 1941 to 1945.

The medal was created on November 6, 1942 by Executive Order 9265 issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal was first issued as a service ribbon in 1942. A full medal was authorized in 1947, the first of which was presented to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur.

The Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Design

The Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal was designed by Thomas Hudson Jones, a U.S. sculptor for the Army’s Institute of Heraldry.

The reverse was designed by Adolph Alexander Weinman and is the same design as used on the reverse of the American Campaign Medal and European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal.

There were 21 Army and 48 Navy-Marine Corps official campaigns of the Pacific Theater, denoted on the suspension by service stars also known as “battle stars“. Some Navy construction battalion units issued the medal with Arabic numerals.

The European Theater equivalent of the medal was known as the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal.

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The Army of Occupation Medal

The Army of Occupation Medal is a US military award established by the United States War Department in the aftermath of the Second World War.

The Army of Occupation Medal is a United States military award established by the United States War Department on 5 April 1946 in the aftermath of the Second World War. The medal recognizes those who had performed occupation service in either Germany, Italy, Austria, or Japan.

To be awarded the Army of Occupation Medal, a service member was required to have performed at least thirty consecutive days of military duty within a designated geographical area of military occupation.

The original Army of Occupation Medal was intended only for members of the United States Army, but it was expanded in 1948 to include the United States Air Force shortly after its creation. The Navy and Marine equivalent of the Army of Occupation Medal is the Navy Occupation Service Medal.

The Army of Occupation Medal Design

The Army of Occupation Medal is made of bronze and measures 1.25 inches across.

The obverse shows the abutments of the Remagen Bridge with the words “ARMY OF OCCUPATION” inscribed above. On the reverse is Mount Fuji, with a low hanging cloud over two Japanese junks above a wave and the inscribed date “1945”.

The medal was presented with a campaign clasp, denoting either European or Asian service. Campaign clasps were worn on the full sized medal only with no corresponding device when wearing the Army of Occupation Medal as a ribbon on a military uniform. A bronze clasp 0.125 inches wide and 1.5 inches in length with the word “GERMANY” or “JAPAN” is worn on the suspension ribbon of the medal to indicate service in Europe or the Far East.

The Army of Occupation Medal Design

The Army of Occupation Medal is made of bronze and measures 1.25 inches across.

The obverse shows the abutments of the Remagen Bridge with the words “ARMY OF OCCUPATION” inscribed above. On the reverse is Mount Fuji, with a low hanging cloud over two Japanese junks above a wave and the inscribed date “1945”.

The medal was presented with a campaign clasp, denoting either European or Asian service. Campaign clasps were worn on the full sized medal only with no corresponding device when wearing the Army of Occupation Medal as a ribbon on a military uniform. A bronze clasp 0.125 inches wide and 1.5 inches in length with the word “GERMANY” or “JAPAN” is worn on the suspension ribbon of the medal to indicate service in Europe or the Far East.

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The American Campaign Medal

The American Campaign Medal is a United States Armed Forces military award created on November 6, 1942.

The American Campaign Medal is a United States Armed Forces military award created on November 6, 1942 and issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Executive Order 9265 ). The first person to ever receive the American Campaign Medal was General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the Army.

Who was awarded the American Campaign Medal?

The American Campaign Medal recognizes military members who have performed service in the American Theater of Operations during World War II. There is a similar medal, named the American Defense Service Medal, that was awarded for active duty service before the United States entered the Second World War.

What are the Requirements of the American Campaign Medal?

There are some specific requirements for the American Campaign Medal. These are as follows: Service within the American Theater between the dates of 7 December 1941 and 2 March 1946 under any of these conditions:

  1. On permanent assignment outside the continental limits of the United States.
  2. Permanently assigned as a member of a crew of a vessel sailing ocean waters for 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days.
  3. Outside the continental limits of the U.S. in a passenger status or on temporary duty for 30 consecutive or 60 nonconsecutive days.
  4. In active combat against the enemy, and awarded a combat decoration or with a certificate by the commanding general of a corps, higher unit, or independent force that the Soldier actually participated in combat.
  5. Within the continental limits of the United States for an aggregate period of 1 year.

Who was Awarded the American Campaign Medal?

The American Campaign Medal recognizes military members who have performed service in the American Theater of Operations during World War II. There is a similar medal, named the American Defense Service Medal, that was awarded for active duty service before the United States entered the Second World War.

What are the Requirements of the American Campaign Medal?

There are some specific requirements for the American Campaign Medal. These are as follows: Service within the American Theater between the dates of 7 December 1941 and 2 March 1946 under any of these conditions:

  1. On permanent assignment outside the continental limits of the United States.
  2. Permanently assigned as a member of a crew of a vessel sailing ocean waters for 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days.
  3. Outside the continental limits of the U.S. in a passenger status or on temporary duty for 30 consecutive or 60 nonconsecutive days.
  4. In active combat against the enemy, and awarded a combat decoration or with a certificate by the commanding general of a corps, higher unit, or independent force that the Soldier actually participated in combat.
  5. Within the continental limits of the United States for an aggregate period of 1 year.

The American Campaign Medal Design

The American Campaign Medal is made of bronze and measures 1 1/4 inches wide.

The obverse was designed by Thomas Hudson Jones, a U.S. sculptor for the Army’s Institute of Heraldry. It shows a Navy cruiser underway with a B-24 Liberator bomber flying overhead. In the foreground is a sinking enemy submarine, and in the background is the skyline of a city. At the top of the medal are the words AMERICAN CAMPAIGN.

The reverse of the American Campaign Medal, created by Adolph Alexander Weinman, is the same as used on both the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal and the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal. It depicts an American bald eagle between the dates 1941 – 1945 and the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

The American Campaign Medal ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and the colors are oriental blue in the center stripe divided into thirds of old glory blue (to represent the Americas), white, and scarlet (the continuance of American defense after Pearl Harbor). Between the center and the edges are stripes of white, black, scarlet and white. The white and black stripes represent the German part of the conflict on the Atlantic Coast, while the red and white stripes are for the Japanese colors and refer to that part of the conflict on the Pacific Coast.

The American Campaign Medal Campaign: For the Navy

Recipients of the American Campaign Medal need to have participated in the following escort, armed guard, antisubmarine, and special operations. They are to receive one campaign star for each participation:

The American Campaign Medal Campaign: For the Army

There is an authorized bronze service star for participation in antisubmarine operations (USS Asterion AK-100 and USS Frederick C. Davis DE-136). To qualify for them, individuals have to have been assigned to and present for duty with a unit having antisubmarine campaign credit.

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The American Defense Service Medal

The American Defense Service Medal is a United States Armed Forces military award established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941.

The American Defense Service Medal is a United States Armed Forces military award established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 28, 1941 (Executive Order 8808). The medal recognizes military service members who served on active duty between the dates of September 8, 1939 and December 7, 1941. There is a similar medal, called the American Campaign Medal, that was established in 1942 for operations during World War II. 

Members of the United States Army and the Army Reserve and Army National Guard could receive this medal for any length of service provided that they were on orders to active duty for at least twelve months or longer and had passed their initial physical examinations. The Navy excluded reservists that had been on duty for less than ten dates.

The American Defense Service Medal Authorized Devices

There are several devices authorized for the American Defense Service Medal. These include:

  • Foreign Service Clasp: For military service (Army) outside the continental limits of the U.S., including in Alaska. It’s a bronze bar 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) wide and 1+1⁄2 in (38 mm) long and has the words FOREIGN SERVICE inscribed.
  • Base Clasp: For service (Navy and Marine Crops) outside the continental limits of the U.S., including Alaska or Hawaii.
  • Fleet Clasp: For service (Coast Guard) on the high seas while regularly attached to any vessels of the Atlantic, Pacific, or Asiatic fleets or of Naval Transport Service and those operating directly under the Chief of Naval Operations. It’s a bronze bar 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) wide and 1+1⁄2 in (38 mm) long with the inscribed words FLEET.
  • Sea Clasp: For all other vessels and aircraft (Coast Guard) not qualifying for the Fleet Clasp but that conducted patrols at sea regularly.
  • “A” Device: For members of the Navy that served duty in actual or potential belligerent contact with Axis Powers between June 22 and December 7, 1941 in the Atlantic Ocean. The device could also be worn on the medal’s uniform ribbon.
  • Service star: Worn in lieu of clasps when wearing the medal as a ribbon on a military uniform.

The American Defense Service Medal Design

The service ribbon design was approved by the Secretary of War and the Secretary of Navy on January 7, 1942. The medal was designed by Mr. Lee Lawrie, a civilian sculptor from Easton, Maryland, and the model approved by the Commission of Fine Arts on May of the same year.

A similar medal, known as the American Campaign Medal, was established in 1942, for service in the American Theater during the World War II era.

The bronze medal measures 1 1/4 inches in width. On the obverse is a female Grecian figure symbolic of defense, holding in her sinister hand an ancient war shield in reverse and her dexter hand brandishing a sword above her head, and standing upon a conventionalized oak branch with four leaves. Around the top is the lettering “AMERICAN DEFENSE”. The reverse is the wording “FOR SERVICE DURING THE LIMITED EMERGENCY PROCLAIMED BY THE PRESIDENT ON SEPTEMBER 8, 1939 OR DURING THE UNLIMITED EMERGENCY PROCLAIMED BY THE PRESIDENT ON MAY 27, 1941” above a seven-leafed spray of laurel.

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The U.S. Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the United States of America’s most prestigious personal military decoration, awarded for acts of valor.

The Medal of Honor is the United States of America’s highest and most prestigious personal military decoration. It may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who distinguished themselves by acts of valor and is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress. The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States armed forces.

There are three versions of the Medal of Honor insignia. One for the Army, one for the Navy, and one for the Air Force. 

The History of the Medal of Honor

Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln, a Navy Medal of Honor was first authorized on December 21, 1861 followed by an Army Medal of Honor, which was approved on July 14, 1862.

Over 40 percent of the Medals of Honor awarded to date—1,522 out of 3,464 medals—were bestowed during the Civil War. In fact, some Civil War Medals of Honor years after the end of the war, including Andrew Jackson Smith whose medal was awarded in 2001 and Alonzo Cushing in 2014. 

The first Medals of Honor were given to participants of Andrews’ Raid or the Great Locomotive Chase with Private Jacob Parrot as the first person ever to be awarded this medal of America. At least 32 Medals of Honor were awarded to African-Americans, and William Harvey Carney was the first. Born a slave in Virginia, he finally found freedom in Massachusetts. He volunteered to join the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, the first African-American unit in the northern states although it was led by white officers.

Tasked with taking Fort Wagner, a beachhead fortification that protected the southern Charleston Harbor, the 54th was chosen for the second attack. The Union flag bearer was killed as the soldiers stormed the fort, but Carney stepped in and held the flag for the remainder of the battle, never losing possession of the flag despite several injuries. Unfortunately, the 54th was forced to retreat, but, as Carney said after the battle, “the old flag never touched the ground.” Carney was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1900, thirty-five years after the end of the Civil War.

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Individuals who have received two Medals of Honor are rare, and Thomas Ward Custer is a part of this elite group, receiving both medals for actions during the American Civil War. 

Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version (it was created as a Navy version in 1861 named the “Medal of Valor”). According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States, 3,519 Medals of Honor have been awarded to the nation’s soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen since the medal’s creation. Less than half of them awarded for actions during the four years of the American Civil War.

American Medals and Awards: The Medal of Honor (Army Version)
The Medal of Honor: Army Version
American Medals and Awards: The Medal of Honor (Navy Version)
The Medal of Honor: Navy Version
American Medals and Awards: Medal of Honor (Airforce)
The Medal of Honor: Air Force Version

The Medal of Honor During World War I and World War II

During World War I and World War II, numerous individuals received the Medal of Honor for their extraordinary valor and heroism in combat.

During World War I (1914-1918), the Medal of Honor was awarded for acts of bravery in various theaters of the war, including the Western Front in Europe, the Italian Front, and other areas of conflict. Recipients demonstrated exceptional courage in the face of enemy fire, often risking their lives to save their comrades or achieve critical objectives. One notable recipient during this world war was Sergeant Alvin York, who single-handedly captured 132 German soldiers during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in 1918.

In World War II (1939-1945), the Medal of Honor continued to be awarded for acts of extraordinary heroism in combat. Recipients demonstrated exceptional bravery and selflessness in a wide range of theaters, including the Pacific, European, African, and Mediterranean theaters of war. One of the most celebrated recipients of the Medal of Honor during World War II was Sergeant Audie Murphy, who received the medal for his actions during the Battle of Holtzwihr in France, where he single-handedly repelled a German attack and called in artillery fire on enemy positions.

Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964)
Alvin York in uniform, 1919, wearing the Medal of Honor and French Croix de Guerre with Palm.
Audie Murphy photographed in 1948 wearing the U.S. Army khaki "Class A" (tropical service) uniform with full-size medals. Source: Wikipedia.
Audie Murphy photographed in 1948 wearing the U.S. Army khaki "Class A" (tropical service) uniform with full-size medals. Source: Wikipedia.

The Medal of Honor Design

After World War I, the Navy decided to separate the Medal of Honor into two versions: One for combat and one for non-combat. The original upside-down star was designated as the non-combat version and a new pattern of the medal pendant, in cross form, was designed by the Tiffany Company in 1919.

It was to be presented to a sailor or marine who “in action involving actual conflict with the enemy, distinguish[es] himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.“ 

Due to its prestige and status, the Medal of Honor is afforded special protection under U.S. law against any unauthorized adornment, sale, or manufacture, which includes any associated ribbon or badge.

Read more about the symbolism of the Medal of Honor:

Famous U.S. Medal of Honor Recipients

These individuals represent just a few of the many courageous recipients of the Medal of Honor who have demonstrated extraordinary bravery and selflessness in service to their country. Here are five famous recipients of the U.S. Medal of Honor:

  • Audie Murphy: Audie Murphy, a World War II veteran, is one of the most decorated American soldiers in history. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Holtzwihr in France in 1945.

  • Alvin C. York: Alvin C. York was a World War I soldier and is renowned for his heroic actions during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in 1918. He received the Medal of Honor for his bravery and leadership in capturing numerous German soldiers.

  • Desmond Doss: Desmond Doss, a conscientious objector during World War II, served as a combat medic. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his extraordinary bravery and dedication to saving lives during the Battle of Okinawa.

  • Sal Giunta: Staff Sergeant Salvatore Giunta became the first living recipient of the Medal of Honor since the Vietnam War. He was honored for his actions during the War in Afghanistan in 2007 when he saved fellow soldiers from enemy fire.

  • Michael P. Murphy: Navy SEAL Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his courageous actions during Operation Red Wings in Afghanistan in 2005. He sacrificed his life while attempting to call for reinforcements to rescue his team.

Further Reading About the Medal of Honor and American Military History